11 key findings from one of the most comprehensive studies on the health effects of marijuana

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The change in national attitudes towards cannabis and in legal access to marijuana around the US over the past several years is staggering.

As of last fall, 57% of adults in the US said that marijuana should be legal, with only 37% taking the opposing view, which is essentially a reversal of the opinions held just a decade ago. And after November's elections, a full 20% of the US population lives in a state that has voted to legalize recreational use - and far more live in states with some access to medical marijuana.

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But this obscures a crucial fact. From a scientific perspective, there's still a ton we don't know about cannabis.

A massive new report released today by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine gives among the most comprehensive looks ever (and certainly the most up-to-date) of exactly what we know about the science of cannabis. The committee behind the report, representing top universities around the country, considered more than 10,000 studies for their analysis, from which they were able to draw nearly 100 conclusions.

In large part, the report reveals how much we still have to learn - but it's still surprising to see exactly how much we know about certain health effects of cannabis.

This summation was sorely needed, as is more research on the topic.

"The policy has outpaced science, and it's really too bad," Staci Gruber, an associate professor of psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and director of the Marijuana Investigations for Neuroscientific Discovery program at McLean Hospital, told Business Insider in an interview last week, several days before we saw the report.

"As a scientist, I think the goal is always to try very hard to get to the findings and to be able to disseminate those findings, so that we can make good decisions grounded in science," Gruber said. "[Cannabis] has been around for thousands of years; it's not like we just made it in a lab." Having good research is essential so that we know "how best we can use it; what are the safest ways; and what are the real risks," she added.

Surprising findings on cancer, mental health, and more

Before we dive into the findings, there are two quick things to keep in mind. First, the language in the report is designed to say exactly how much we know - and don't know - about a certain effect. Terms like "conclusive evidence" mean we have enough data to make a firm conclusion; terms like "limited evidence" mean there's still significant uncertainty even if there are good studies supporting an idea; and there are different degrees of certainty falling in between these levels. For many things, there's still insufficient data to really say anything positive or negative about cannabis.

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Second, context is important. Many of these findings are meant summations of fact, not endorsements or condemnations. For example, the report found evidence that driving while high increased the risk of an accident. But the report also notes that certain studies have found lower crash rates after the introduction of medical cannabis to an area. It's possible that cannabis makes driving more dangerous and that crashes could go down after introduction if people take proper precautions. We'll be working on providing context to these findings over the next few days but wanted to share some of the initial findings first.

With that in mind, here are some of the most striking findings from the report:

• There was conclusive or substantial evidence (the most definitive levels) that cannabis or cannabinoids, found in the marijuana plant, can be an effective treatment for chronic pain, which is "by far the most common" reason people request medical marijuana, according to the report. With similar certainty, they found cannabis can treat muscle spasms related to MS and can help prevent or treat nausea and vomiting associated with chemotherapy.
• The authors found evidence that suggested that marijuana increased the risk for a driving crash.
• They also found evidence that in states with legal access to marijuana, children were more likely to accidentally consume cannabis. We've looked at these numbers before, and seen that the overall increases in risk are small - one study found that the rate of overall accidental child ingestion went from 1.2 per 100,000 population 2 years prior to legalization to 2.3 per 100,000 population 2 years after legalization. There's still a far higher chance parents call poison control because of kids eating crayons or diaper cream but it's still important to know that some increased risk exists.
• Perhaps surprisingly, the authors found moderate evidence (a pretty decent level of certainty and an indication that good data exists) that cannabis was not connected to any increased risk of the lung cancers or head and neck cancers associated with smoking. However, they did find some limited evidence suggesting that chronic or frequent users may have higher rates of a certain type of testicular cancer.
• Connections to heart conditions were less clear. There's no evidence to support or refute the idea that cannabis might increase the risk of a heart attack, though there was some limited evidence that cannabis smoking might be a trigger for a heart attack.
• There was substantial evidence that regular marijuana smokers are more likely to experience chronic bronchitis and that stopping smoking was likely to improve these conditions. There's no real evidence to say that that cannabis does or doesn't increase risk for respiratory conditions like COPD or asthma.
• There was limited evidence that smoking marijuana could have some anti-inflammatory activity.
• Substantial evidence suggests a link between prenatal cannabis exposure (when a pregnant woman uses marijuana) and lower birth weight, and there was limited evidence suggesting that this use could increase pregnancy complications and increase the risk a baby would have to spend time in the neonatal intensive care unit.
• In terms of mental health, substantial evidence shows an increased risk for developing schizophrenia among frequent users, something that studies have shown is a particular concern for people at risk for schizophrenia in the first place. There was also moderate evidence that cannabis use was connected to a small increased risk for depression and an increased risk for social anxiety disorder.
• Limited evidence showed a connection between cannabis use and impaired academic achievement, something that has been shown to be especially true for people who begin smoking regularly during adolescence (which is also shown to increase the risk for problematic use).
• One of the most interesting and perhaps most important conclusions of the report is that far more research on cannabis is needed. Importantly, in most cases, saying cannabis was connected to an increased risk doesn't mean marijuana use caused that risk.

And it's hard to conduct research on marijuana right now. The report says that's largely because of regulatory barriers, including the Schedule 1 DEA status of marijuana and the fact that researchers often can't access the same sorts of marijuana that people actually use. Even in states where it's legal to buy marijuana, federal regulations prevent researchers from using that same product.

Without the research, it's hard to say how policy makers should best support legalization efforts - to say how educational programs or mental health institutions should adapt to support any changes, for example.

"If I had one wish it would be that the policy makers really sat down with scientists and mental health practitioners" as they enact any of these new policies, Krista Lisdahl, an associate professor of psychology and director of the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee's Brain Imaging and Neuropsychology lab, told Business Insider in an interview shortly before we were able to review this report.

It's important to know what works and what doesn't and what needs to studied more. This report does a lot to show what we've learned in recent years, but it also shows just how much more we need to learn.

In studying cannabis, "we're not really after the good or the bad, we're after the truth," says Gruber.