Disturbing before-and-after images show how parts of San Francisco could be underwater by 2100

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San Francisco is particularly vulnerable to sea level rise.

• Parts of San Francisco could be underwater by 2100 under the most extreme projections for sea level rise.
• Research suggests that areas of San Francisco are particularly vulnerable to sea level rise due to sinking land and their location along the coast.
• If the factors contributing to climate change go unchecked, the city's landmark towers, tech campuses, and tourist attractions could find themselves submerged.

Rising seas and sinking land spell bad news for San Francisco.

Nearly a decade ago, researchers estimated that, by the year 2100, rising sea levels would result in $100 billion worth of property losses and 480,000 displaced people along the California coast.

These effects could be compounded in San Francisco, where the land has begun to sink due to excessive groundwater pumping.

A March 2018 study from the American Association for the Advancement of Science predicts that 48 to 166 square miles of the Bay Area could be underwater by 2100.

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To find out which sites could be submerged, Business Insider turned to Climate Central's Google Earth plug-in, which depicts San Francisco under the most extreme conditions of sea-level rise. The tool estimates what the city would look like if the conditions were to happen today, using projections from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA).

Though sea level rise is accelerating due to climate change, NOAA's projections for 2100 represent the worst-case-scenario for San Francisco.

Check out the before-and-after photos of landmark locations like Fisherman's Wharf, Google's office, and the San Francisco International Airport.