The Trick: Take your salary, drop the last three zeros and then divide by the number two.
Example: So if you earn $40,000, you're left with $20 an hour.
Maybe you're a salaried employee trying to figure out if you should take that job that pays by the hour. This trick would certainly help.
This comes from making a couple assumptions about your working hours and some quick observations about time. There are 52 weeks in a year, and so if you're working a 40 hour week for 50 of those weeks, you'll be working 40 x 50 = 2,000 hours in a year. Take your annual salary and divide by those 2,000 hours (equivalently, drop the last three zeros and divide by 2), and voila, you get your hourly rate.
The Trick: Assuming an approximately 9% sales tax, like in New York, if you take your pre-tax part of the bill, divide by four, and add this amount to the pre-tax part, you'll be leaving about a 16% tip. If you're feeling more generous, divide by three and add that amount instead, leaving about a 24% tip.
Example: Say your part of the pre-tax bill comes to $18. If you want to leave a 16% tip, divide $18 by 4 to get $4.50. Add that to your $18 pre-tax cost, and leave a total of $22.50. If you want to leave a larger tip, divide $18 by 3 to get $6, and combine that with the pre-tax cost to leave a total of $24.
Here's why this works: Dividing the pre-tax bill by four is the same as taking 25% of that amount. That's enough money to cover the 9% sales tax, with 16% leftover for the tip, since 25 - 9 = 16. Similarly, dividing by 3 gives about 33% of the pre-tax bill, covering the 9% sales tax and a 24% tip, since 33 - 9 = 24.
Business Insider's Sarah Schmalbruch also recently wrote about a few other nice tricks to calculate tips, like moving the decimal point one place to the left and multiplying by two to find 20% of the bill.
So, if the bill is $18, the moving the decimal points gets you $1.80. And multiplying it by two gets you $3.60.
The Rule of 72: Need an easy way to determine how long it will take to double your investment? Simply divide the number 72 by your projected growth rate.
Example: So, if you're getting a return of 9% per year, it will take about 8 years for your investment to double in size, since 72/9 = 8.
The rule of 72 comes from manipulating the basic mathematical formula for calculating compound interest. The exact number you need to divide your growth rate by is actually closer to 69, but 70 or 72 are frequently used for quick mental estimates, since most common single digit rates of return will divide evenly into one of these.
The Rule of 115: If you're more inclined to triple your investment, because you're not as risk averse (or perhaps your time horizon is just a tad bit farther out), simply take the number 115 or 110 and divide it by your growth rate. This will give you the amount of time it will take to triple your investment.
Example: So, if you're getting a return of 10% per year, it will take about 11.5 years for your investment to triple in size.
This works for basically the same reason the Rule of 72 works, except that we're aiming to triple rather than double our initial investment.
The Trick: So say you've got a number, x, that you want to square.
First, find the difference between x and the nearest multiple of ten, and call that difference d.
Then, multiply (x-d) and (x+d). This should be much easier, because one of the numbers will be a multiple of ten (based on how we defined d). After multiplying (x-d) and (x+d), just add d2, and you've got your square.
Example: Say you want to find the square of 77. The closest multiple of ten is 80, so d will be 80 - 77 = 3. Then 77 + 3 = 80, and 77 - 3 = 74.
Multiplying these together is pretty straightforward: 74 x 80 = 70 x 80 + 4 x 80 = 5,600 + 320 = 5920. Add in the 32 = 9, and we get 5929 as our square of 77.
Once you get the hang of this method, it's a good bit quicker and easier than trying to attack 772 head on.
The Trick: When multiplying a figure by the number 11, follow this pattern: leave the last and first digits alone, then sum each and every pair of digits next to each other (this makes the most sense when seen in example):
Examples: 4,281 x 11 becomes the following digits: (4)(4+2),(2+8)(8+1)(1) or 47,091.
When the sum of a pair is greater than 10, carry that digit to the next left pair (as seen above, where 2+8 was 10).
Let's try something harder. 9,621,576,521 x 11 becomes: (9)(9+6),(6+2)(2+1)(1+5),(5+7)(7+6)(6+5),(5+2)(2+1)(1) or 105,837,341,731.
This is a neat trick of our base ten place value system. Since 11 = 10 + 1, multiplying a number by 11 is the same as multiplying that number by 10 and then adding it back to itself. Multiplying a number by ten means we shift all our digits one place over to the left and stick a zero on the end, so when we add this to the original number, we get exactly the paring up of digits that we saw.
This one really isn't a math trick, so much as it is a rule of thumb...
The Trick: Don't have a financial planner to walk you through asset allocation? A simple way to find out is to subtract your age from the number 120, the number remaining is the percentage of your portfolio that should be in stocks.
Example: For instance, if you're 50, you should be keeping 70% of your holdings in stocks with the remaining 30 percent in fixed income products.
The basic idea here is that younger investors who have decades of working ahead of them can take on more risk than people closer to retirement.
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