The six-person crew of Expedition 61 didn't all arrive on the ISS at the same time. Koch, Morgan, and Parmitano were also part of Expedition 60, so they'd been orbiting Earth for months already.
Then on September 25, a Soyuz MS-15 spacecraft carried Meir and Skripochka to the space station. With them came the first person from the United Arab Emirates ever to fly into space: Hazzaa Ali Almansoori.
"This is a huge responsibility for me, to be the first from our country and this program," Almansoori told the Houston Chronicle at the time. "For me, I started to look at the stars since childhood and for me, to reach here was impossible but it's not impossible now."
He stayed in space for eight days.
Then NASA astronaut Nick Hague, cosmonaut Alexey Ovchinin, and Almansoori landed back on Earth on October 3.
They landed near the remote town of Zhezkazgan in Kazakhstan.
For the nine days between the new crew members' arrival and the Expedition 60 departure, the ISS was a bit crowded.
It's usually staffed by three to six astronauts and cosmonauts, though the record for the most people on the ISS was set in 2009, when 13 astronauts and cosmonauts were on board.
Since then, the astronauts have been capturing remarkable snapshots of life on Earth from 250 miles above the planet's surface.
Source: NASA
"Our planet Earth, with its vast and varied terrain, is a constant source of wonder to astronauts on the International Space Station," Parmitano, the mission commander, said in an ESA video.
Source: ESA
Koch has already logged more time in space than any other woman. She beat the past record of 289 days, set by NASA astronaut Peggy Whitson in 2017.
When she returns to Earth, she'll have spent 328 days in space.
Koch will be just 12 days shy of the longest single spaceflight by a NASA astronaut — Scott Kelly set that record when he spent 340 days in space from 2015 to 2016.
Some of the repair work focused on the space station's Alpha Magnetic Spectrometer (AMS), a cosmic-ray detector.
"The actual experience of going out the door is almost indescribable," Koch told the Raleigh News & Observer — the newspaper in her college town.
Source: The News & Observer
"The perspective that you gain on a spacewalk is a little bit different than what we see just looking out the window from here on station," she added. "You're actually immersed in the environment around you."
Source: The News & Observer
In total, the crew conducted nine spacewalks during the four-month expedition — more than any other mission in the same period of time in the history of the ISS.
Source: NASA
Expedition 61's primary research goals involved studying ultra-cold matter, growing plants aboard the space station, and testing new robots in space.
The astronauts "space farmed" cotton.
ISS crew members have grown lettuce, radishes, peas, zinnias, and sunflowers in the past. Some of the crops provide fresh food to the astronauts, while the rest is analyzed.
Parmitano has been the mission's commander — the third European and first Italian to hold the position.
Source: Business Insider.
"From up here, the answer is clearer than ever," Parmitano said to leaders at the UN Climate Summit in New York on September 23, 2019. "There is absolutely no place like home."
Source: ESA
This year brings a major milestone for the ISS: November 2020 will mark 20 years of crewed operation of the orbiting laboratory.
More spaceflight history is also likely to be made in 2020, since the first astronauts to fly commercial spaceships are expected to launch in the coming months.
SpaceX's Crew Dragon will probably be the first commercial spaceship to carry people, though Boeing's CST-100 Starliner is also slated to fly astronauts in 2020.
SpaceX has been launching supplies to the space station on its Dragon capsule since May 2012.
Koch, Skvortsov, and Parmitano will board the spaceship that will take them back to Earth at 9:30 p.m. ET, according to NASA. They're scheduled to land in Kazakhstan on Thursday afternoon local time.
"I don't really remember a time when I didn't want to be an astronaut," Koch said. "Most kids probably dream of becoming an astronaut. I was just the one that never grew out of it."
Source: The News & Observer
