The groundwork for the duo's wealth was laid by their father, Texas native and MIT graduate Fred C. Koch.
Source: "Sons of Wichita," "Dark Money"
The family patriarch joined the Keith-Winkler Engineering Company of Wichita, Kansas in 1925. Later that year, the firm was renamed the Winkler-Koch Engineering Company. A groundbreaking gasoline refinement technique bolstered the young company.
Source: "Dark Money," "Sons of Wichita," Fred and Mary Koch Foundation
But lawsuits from established competitors forced Koch Sr.'s firm to look abroad for work. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Winkler-Koch Engineering Company ventured into a Europe on the verge of war, building refineries that proved crucial to the development of both the Soviet Union under Joseph Stalin and Nazi Germany.
Sources: HuffPost, The New York Times, "Dark Money," NPR
In 1940, having already established himself in the industry, Koch Sr. struck out on his own and founded the Wood River Oil and Refining Company.
Source: Lehman Brothers Collection
Six years later, Koch Sr.'s company bought the Rock Island refinery in Oklahoma. The firm's named switched to the Rock Island Oil and Refining Company.
Source: Lehman Brothers Collection
Fred Koch Sr. went on to have four sons with Wichita native Mary Robinson: Fred Jr., Charles, and twins David and Bill. Reportedly, the Koch patriarch's namesake showed little interest in the family business, which was worth $80 million in 1960. Fred Jr. went on to become a patron of the arts.
Source: "Dark Money," The New York Times
But Charles displayed a keen interest in the firm. In 1961, the 26-year-old second son joined his father's company. Five years later, he became its president. Fred Sr. died in 1967, leaving Charles as the chairman.
Source: The New York Times
After the death of Fred Sr., Charles discovered a letter that his father had written to his sons back in 1936 that contained financial advice: "If you choose to let this money destroy your initiative and independence, then it will be a curse to you and my action in giving it to you will have been a mistake."
Source: The Seminar Network, "Sons of Wichita"
When Charles took over the private company in 1967, it was worth $250 million. The following year, the new president renamed the firm Koch Industries, to honor his late father.
Source: "Dark Money," The New York Times
David Koch followed his older brother into the family business in 1970. His twin Bill joined the next year, but tensions reportedly arose between the three brothers.
Source: "Dark Money," The New York Times
In 1980, Bill Koch launched a coup to take over the company's board. His brothers thwarted the plan, and Bill was fired from the company with a $400,000 severance payment — but the battle wasn't over.
Source: "Dark Money," The New York Times
Bill still owned company shares, as did Fred Jr. Contentious negotiations began between the four brothers, in a struggle that pitted Charles and David against Bill and Fred Jr. A settlement was reached in 1983. Koch Industries reportedly shelled out $620 million for Bill's 21% company stake, while Fred netted $400 million for his shares, according to The New York Times.
Source: "Dark Money," The New York Times
Two years later, Bill and Fred Jr. were back in court, filing suit against their brothers. They alleged their shares had been significantly undervalued in the initial settlement. Bill also charged the company with stealing oil from federal and tribal lands. The case ultimately reached a $25 million settlement.
Source: CBS, Dark Money"
In 1998, Koch Industries shelled out a $6.9 million settlement over oil spills in Minnesota, and pled guilty to a subsequent federal criminal charge, resulting in a $8 million fine.
Source: "Dark Money," Corporate Research Fund
It wouldn't be the last time Koch Industries ran into trouble. In 2002, the company paid a $28.5 million fine after one of its subsidiaries was charged with price-fixing.
Source: "Dark Money," Corporate Research Fund
One of the company's biggest controversy came in 1998, when an explosion sparked by a Koch subsidiary's corroded pipeline killed two teenagers. The victims' families received $296 million in a wrongful death lawsuit.
In 2000, the company paid a civil environmental fine of $30 million relating to 1995 charges over 300 plus oil spills, which the EPA attributed to Koch Industries failing to inspect its pipelines.
Source: "Dark Money," Corporate Research Fund
But the series of litigations and settlements didn't stop Koch Industries, which has since branched into mining, real estate, and even ranching.
Source: "Dark Money," Corporate Research Fund
And, as of August 2018, both brothers are worth $53.7 billion. Both Charles and David still own a 42% stake in the firm each.
David Koch is a major patron of Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and Memorial-Sloan Kettering Cancer Center.
But much of the Koch brothers' philanthropy is subject to controversy. The brothers both donate extensively to libertarian and Republican causes. CNBC reported that they are due to spend up to $400 million in the upcoming midterm election cycle.
Source: "Dark Money," CNBC
In 2018, Koch Industries gave $1,325,115 to federal congressional candidates. This year, top congressional recipients of the Kochs' money are Republicans Marsha Blackburn, Orrin Hatch, Lee Zeldin, Ron Estes, and Karen Handle.
Source: "Dark Money," Open Secrets
But the brothers' political reach isn't just a national affair. Politico reported that the Kochs are currently attempting to sway a number of states toward committing public funding toward private and charter schools.
Source: Politico
Closer to home, the Kochs have also donated a considerable amount of money toward projects in their hometown of Wichita, Kansas. Everything from a city plaza to the local basketball arena to specific halls in the nature center bear their name.
Source: The New York Times
But, while they may have worked closely together in business and politics, the brothers are worlds apart when it comes to their primary residences. Charles occupies a sprawling property in Wichita, while David reportedly owns a massive Park Avenue duplex in Manhattan.
Source: Charles Koch Institute, BisNow, New York Magazine
Going forward, however, Koch Industries will only have one of the Koch brothers on hand on a daily basis. David announced that he was retiring from the business this year. His older brother Charles, however, will remain on at the company that transformed the duo into two of the richest men alive.
Source: "Dark Money," CNBC
