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<ul class="summary-list"><li>Brazil, India, South Africa, and Saudi Arabia declined to endorse Ukraine's sovereignty this weekend.</li><li>It came at the end of a Ukraine peace summit in Switzerland. </li></ul>Over the weekend, Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy rallied countries from around the world to support his call for Russia to end its invasion."Russia can start negotiations tomorrow if they pull out of our territories," Zelenskyy said at a peace conference in Switzerland, according to the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/articles/cxrr1kyp04eo">BBC</a>.The conference is one of the most high-profile attempts to date to find an agreement on routes to peace.But there are some crucial problems. Russia wasn't there, nor was its key global backer, China.Nearly 100 countries did send delegations, including many of Ukraine's most important allies and major non-Western powers.At the end of the conference, about 80 signed a document blaming the war on Russia and affirming Ukraine's territorial integrity.But it was telling who didn't sign — Saudi Arabia, Brazil (which didn't formally attend but sent a delegation), India, and South Africa."Unfortunately, there are people who are still balancing," Zelenskyy said of the abstentions.He said Russia was seeking to divide the world against Ukraine — evidently with some success.Russian President Vladimir Putin is seeking to drive a wedge between those countries and the West, using oil, propaganda, and diplomacy.It has been especially effective in the "<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/sc/why-support-from-the-global-south-is-critical-for-peace-in-ukraine">Global South</a>" of non-Western powers whose wealth and influence on world affairs is growing.<h2 id="5c80b91d-831c-4174-98e8-dae7b6103ecc">Exploiting global divisions</h2>In the wake of Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine in February 2022, the US assembled a coalition of countries to impose sanctions on Russia and isolate it diplomatically.But powerful non-Western countries refused to take part.Each of the countries that refused to sign the Ukraine document has strong ties with the US, particularly India and Saudi Arabia, which want American help in regional power struggles.But each has also maintained good relations with Moscow, with Putin using Russia's oil and diplomacy to cultivate relations.To offset Western sanctions, Russia sold oil at cut-price rates to India and Brazil and has worked closely with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-arabia-mohammed-bin-salman-power-broker-mbs-crown-prince-2023-12">Saudi Arabia</a> to control global prices.The <a target="_blank" href="https://www.chathamhouse.org/2024/05/russia-using-soviet-playbook-global-south-challenge-west-and-it-working">Chatham House</a> analyst Natalie Sabanadze wrote in May that Russia had succeeded in "bringing deep-seated resentment against the West to the fore.""Many states have relished the opportunity to defy Western pressure by helping Russia evade sanctions and reaping benefits for themselves in the process," Sabanadze continued.Putin has exploited long-standing grievances about Western imperialism and has renewed alliances forged during the Soviet era.<h2 id="e6b0addd-33f6-4653-ae60-234187bebda4">Russia renews Cold War-era alliances</h2>During South Africa's period of racial apartheid, tolerated by many in the West, the USSR opposed it and supported the African National Congress party, which has ruled since apartheid ended.The Soviet Union also helped India in its Cold War-era clashes with Pakistan.Some of those allegiances appear to have held firm.Over the past year, Russia has organized conferences with African and Latin American nations. It's seeking to <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/biden-xi-meeting-china-plan-supplant-us-working-apec-summit-2023-11">expand the BRICS group</a> of major non-Western economies, viewing it as a bulwark against Western powers.Russia has also seized on claims that Western support for Israel in its war against Hamas is evidence of hypocrisy.It's to Putin's advantage when those countries see Russia vs. Ukraine and Israel vs. Hamas as <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/putin-wants-world-think-wars-gaza-ukraine-western-plot-russia-2023-10">equivalent struggles</a>, both complex enough to avoid taking a side.Some analysts have also suggested a more cynical calculus, telling Business Insider that some countries are simply hedging their bets by refusing to back either Russia or Ukraine.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/saudi-mohammed-bin-salmans-biden-threat-appears-pay-off-oil-2023-6">Saudi Arabia</a> and India have both trod this middle path.<a target="_blank" href="https://x.com/smita_sharma/status/1802283282693865873?s=46&amp;t=itcSHGtE0ezHJx3yL_GcHA">Pavan Kapoor</a>, a senior Indian diplomat, said from Switzerland that his country didn't endorse the statement because "only those options acceptable to both parties can lead to abiding peace."For Putin, that fence-sitting is proof of success.

Key holdouts at a Ukrainian diplomatic summit are proof that Putin's diplomatic playbook is working

<ul class="summary-list"><li>The US says that Chinese students are welcome to study in the US, but in arts, not the sciences.</li><li>Deputy Secretary of State Kurt Campbell said that Indian students can fill the gap in STEM fields.</li></ul>Chinese students are still welcome in the US, but less so in fields of science where sensitive tech could be involved, Deputy Secretary of State Kurt Campbell said.<a target="_blank" href="https://www.youtube.com/live/zj6BmmyePX8">Speaking to the Council of Foreign Relations think tank</a> on Monday, Campbell said more students were needed in STEM fields because Americans were not filling out those spots in universities.However, the ideal international students for these fields are Indians, not Chinese, Campbell said. But he added that the US does need more Chinese students, too — just not in STEM."I would like to see more Chinese students coming to the United States to study humanities and social sciences, not particle physics," Campbell said.He also cited security concerns about letting Chinese students access sensitive technology."There's been careful attempts now across most American universities to support continuing higher education, but to be careful about the labs, some of the activities of Chinese students," he said.He added: "I do think it is possible to curtail and to limit certain kinds of access, and we have seen that generally, particularly in technological programs across the United States."<h2 id="57d14d2c-30b3-4ece-9b47-7abf82293431">Chinese academics have already faced Trump-era restrictions</h2>Back in the Trump era, there were policies in place to restrict Chinese access to developments in the US academic space — like <a target="_blank" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/stuartanderson/2021/08/10/biden-keeps-costly-trump-visa-policy-denying-chinese-grad-students/">denying visas to Chinese graduate students</a> based on the Chinese universities they attended.Former President Donald Trump also enacted the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/justice-department-china-initiative-trump-2022-2">China Initiative,</a> a program aimed at countering China's economic espionage and preventing trade secret theft. The China Initiative was <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/justice-department-china-initiative-trump-2022-2">scrapped by the Department of Justice</a> in 2022 after critics said it promoted an anti-Asian bias.But even now, Chinese students say that they have been facing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/14/china-united-states-university-students-border/">extra scrutiny while entering the US</a>. The Washington Post, citing <a target="_blank" href="https://www.zhihu.com/question/638299464">online discussion forums</a>, <a target="_blank" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2024/03/14/china-united-states-university-students-border/">reported</a> in March that Chinese students were questioned for hours at US border controls, or had their visas canceled without valid reasons.Chinese students make up the largest international student body in the US, with almost 290,000 students enrolled in US institutions in the 2022-23 academic year, according to the <a target="_blank" href="https://opendoorsdata.org/fast_facts/fast-facts-2023/">Institute of International Education</a>.Indian students are the second largest group, with about 270,000 enrolled in the 2022-23 academic year. And Campbell said that there is space for this group to grow."I believe that the largest increase that we need to see going forward would be much larger numbers of Indian students that come to study in American universities on a range of technology and other fields," he told the think tank on Monday.<h2 id="b0a55766-8e6e-4ffd-8092-de27fd97dfcc">Worsening US-China relations</h2>Campbell's comments also come amid worsening <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/category/us-china-trade-war">US-China relations</a>, particularly in the tech space.In April, the <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/senate-passes-tiktok-ban-2024-4">Senate passed a bill</a> that, if signed into law by President Joe Biden, will force Chinese tech company Bytedance to sell video site TikTok.The White House also announced in May that it would impose tariffs on $18 billion of Chinese goods.In particular, new measures target Chinese electric vehicles, with <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/white-house-joe-biden-hikes-tariffs-on-chinese-made-evs-2024-5#:~:text=The%20White%20House%20has%20announced,the%20US%20market%20are%20growing.">tariffs rising from 25% to 100%</a>. This provided relief for American EV companies nervous about the competition from cheap Chinese EVs entering the market.China, meanwhile, is <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-squeezing-us-firms-apple-tesla-hard-painful-business-lesson-2024-3">squeezing the US tech companies</a> that operate within its borders. Apple is one of them, with its iPhone sales in China dropping 24% in the first six weeks of the year, <a target="_blank" rel="" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/apple-iphone-sales-china-down-huawei-vivo-smartphone-2024-3#:~:text=Apple%20is%20no%20longer%20the,Vivo%2C%20Huawei%2C%20and%20Honor.">according to data from Counterpoint Research</a>.And homegrown Chinese companies are taking a larger share of the domestic pie, aided by the state.China <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/china-iphone-ban-office-workers-worry-bosses-apple-huawei-2023-9">banned its officials from using iPhones</a> in September, a move that coincided with Huawei's launch of its Mate 60 Pro, a breakthrough phone whose capabilities rivaled those of the iPhone.Sure enough, unit sales of Huawei phones <a target="_blank" href="https://www.reuters.com/technology/apples-china-iphone-sales-plunge-24-first-six-weeks-2024-report-says-2024-03-05/">climbed 64%</a> in the same period iPhone unit sales fell by almost a quarter.The Council of Foreign Relations think tank and representatives of Campbell didn't immediately respond to a request for comment from Business Insider, made outside normal working hours.

A US diplomat says US colleges need more Chinese students to enroll — but in the arts, so they can be walled off from accessing sensitive tech

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Key holdouts at a Ukrainian diplomatic summit are proof that Putin's diplomatic playbook is working

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A US diplomat says US colleges need more Chinese students to enroll — but in the arts, so they can be walled off from accessing sensitive tech

Aditi Bharade

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