<ul class="summary-list"><li><keyword id="21494352" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Air-Force-pilots" source="keywords">Air Force pilots</keyword> are extensively trained to prevent loss of consciousness during high-acceleration flights.</li><li>The <keyword id="21494351" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Anti-G-Straining-Maneuver" source="keywords">Anti-G Straining Maneuver</keyword> helps pilots maintain consciousness when they fly.</li></ul>You're flying a fighter aircraft, and you are accelerating. But you're relaxed — a little too relaxed. Suddenly, you notice your peripheral vision beginning to fade. In what may be just seconds, you completely lose consciousness.<br /><br />That's <keyword id="21494350" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="G-LOC" source="keywords">G-LOC</keyword>, or G-induced loss of consciousness, and the results can be catastrophic.<br /><br />In flight, levels of acceleration known as G-force vary, and when pilots experience its highest levels, the pressure of gravity pushes blood to the lower half of the human body, causing low blood circulation in the upper half of the body.<br /><br />"When that happens for an extended enough period of time, you will lose consciousness," Lt. Col. <keyword id="21494356" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="carolyn-price-moore" source="keywords">Carolyn Price Moore</keyword>, an aerospace physiologist and the chief of the 19th <keyword id="19949543" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="Air-Force" source="keywords" meta.keywordsubtype="org" meta.entityname="Air Force" meta.hostid="261" meta.entityid="Air Force">Air Force</keyword>'s Aircrew Performance Branch, told Business Insider.<br /><br /><a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/air-force-aircraft-fleets-war-like-we-havent-seen-general-2024-2">Air Force</a> pilots must prepare their bodies for the reaction at the highest levels of acceleration during their flights. Experts broke down how pilots make it through these high-pressure endeavors.<br /><br />    <div type="image" title="A T-38 Talon aircraft flying from Columbus Air Force Base, Ohio." height="768" width="1024" msid="109198061" hostid="261"></div>"All the training that we do, the goal is to ensure that the pilot is capable of doing the maneuver," <keyword id="21494357" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="price-moore" source="keywords">Price Moore</keyword> said.<br /><br />The Anti-G Straining Maneuver, also known as <keyword id="21494355" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="AGSM" source="keywords">AGSM</keyword>, is an exercise pilots use during high levels of G-force to prevent G-LOC.<br /><br />Air Force pilots are taught about G-forces, AGSM, and all the ways that increased altitude and pressure can affect the body as early as their first week of <a target="_blank" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/f35-b-fighter-pilot-training-marine-corps-air-station-2021-4">training</a> in the classroom.<br /><br /><h2><strong>Learning the ropes</strong></h2>When pilots are just starting out, their introduction to G-force is gradual. This gives them time to build the physical fitness to withstand pulling Gs.<br /><br />"You really just want your lower body to be very strong, so if you can do working out that improves your lower body strength that's gonna go a long way towards helping with G tolerance," Price Moore said.<br /><br />Athletes tend to have an advantage when it comes to preparing for high-G-force flights as they may already have significant lower body strength. Although height is beyond the pilot's control, it also helps to have a short stature as blood can circulate in the body faster.<br /><br />Students are put through an introductory primary acceleration training where they are individually spun in a human centrifuge that gradually increases in Gs.<br /><br />"It's a nice slight, just kind of slow climb up into the G realm that lets them kind of get used to the feel of the centrifuge," said Senior Master Sgt. Tyler Long, who has overseen training performance facilities.<br /><br />He called the training a "roller coaster on steroids," saying "it's a feeling you've never felt before in your life."<br /><br />Students wear G-suits that act as an external "air bladder," squeezing the lower body to promote blood flow if a student doesn't have enough lower body strength to flex on their own.<br /><br />    <div type="image" title="centrifuge spins" height="2256" width="3000" msid="109198063" hostid="261"></div>Training also includes what Long describes as the SACM (Simulated Aerial Combat Maneuvers) profile, a simulation in which the student has to track an aircraft onscreen while they undergo and ride out varying levels of G-force.<br /><br />"The whole point is proficiency. Get them proficient with this G strength, get them comfortable to a point where they can now go and fly a higher G capable aircraft," he said.<br /><br />New Air Force <a href="https://www.businessinsider.com/pilot-navy-topgun-what-its-like-daily-life-2023-9" target="_blank">student</a> pilots start out flying a T-6 Texan II aircraft, within about seven months in Undergraduate Pilot Training and move forward to either mobility or heavy aircraft training using the Air Mobility Fundamentals-Simulator or fighter and bomber training in a T-38 Talon aircraft. Students are assigned an aircraft by the end of UPT. The student will use this simulator for several months.<br /><br />An undergraduate pilot will then move to fly a T-6 Texan II aircraft within about seven months in Undergraduate Pilot Training and move forward to either mobility or heavy aircraft training using the AMF-Simulator or fighter and bomber training in a T-38 Talon aircraft. Students are assigned an aircraft by the end of UPT.<br /><br />Once the student masters this training they will fly the aircraft they were assigned and master it during the Formal Training Unit.<br /><br /><h2>Handling the real thing</h2>The two main mechanisms of AGSM that prevent a pilot from passing out are calculated breathing and the squeezing of the lower body. It's a simple but life-saving maneuver.<br /><br />Before the pilot even enters G-force onset while flying, they have to flex their lower body like their glutes, hamstrings and other muscles as tight as they can.<br /><br />"They just tighten and hold and what that does is it actually compresses all of the blood vessels, all your veins and arteries in the lower half of your body to help prevent that pooling," Price Moore said, explaining that the flexing allows the blood to stay and continue circulating the upper body.<br /><br />    <div type="image" title="Air Force T-1 Jayhawk, T-6 Texan II, and T-38 Talon" height="1331" width="2000" msid="109198066" hostid="261"></div>The more challenging step is executing the proper breathing technique. This allows blood flow to return to the heart and then to the brain.<br /><br />A pilot should take a big deep breath, holding the air in their glottis, which is located in the throat, before the G-onset or acceleration occurs and then they begin the "air exchange."<br /><br />The air exchange is the quick release of air that should occur every three seconds. "It's not a normal breath, it's a forced air exchange where you are essentially forcing the glottis open and closed really, really rapidly," Price Moore described.<br /><br />The sound of an air exchange sounds hoarse, like a mix between a gasp and a cough.<br /><br />In training, this is all done under the supervision of the instructor who is accompanying the student in the aircraft. They must listen for the air exchanges to ensure and approve whether the pilot is breathing correctly.<br /><br /><h2>Accidents still happen</h2>Sometimes G-induced loss of consciousness cannot be avoided and a pilot might also experience symptoms such as brief amnesia, nausea, disorientation, and confusion, as well as neck and back injuries.<br /><br />Flight accidents have also occurred as a result of pilots passing out. For instance, among other incidents, both the Navy <a target="_blank" href="https://www.military.com/defensetech/2008/01/14/blue-angel-crash-blamed-on-gloc">Blue Angels</a> and Air Force <a target="_blank" href="https://www.airforcetimes.com/news/your-air-force/2018/10/16/report-thunderbirds-pilot-killed-in-crash-lost-consciousness-in-high-g-maneuver/">Thunderbirds</a> have lost demonstration pilots to G-LOC.But many military aircraft are now equipped with an Automatic Ground Collision Avoidance System that help to prevent accidents from happening.<br /><br />"When the auto GCAS is engaged, the aircraft itself gets texts if it is essentially too close to the ground, and if so, the aircraft itself will take over and do what's called a 'fly up,' and we'll fly the aircraft back up to a safe altitude," Price Moore explained.<br /><br />"Since the installation of auto GCAS we have had far fewer incidents of G-induced loss of consciousness mishaps or accidents," she said, adding that "operationally, the auto GCAS has kind of been a game-changer in terms of G-LOC mishaps, so there's that guardrail."<br /><br />But even with a kind of safety net in the aircraft, that doesn't make it any less necessary for US military pilots to train as if they don't and ready their bodies for the intense high-pressure challenges of <keyword id="21494349" type="General" weightage="20" keywordseo="high-G-flying" source="keywords">high-G flying</keyword>.<br /><br /><em>Correction: April 29, 2024 — An earlier version of this story misidentified a training aircraft and simulation profile. The Air Force uses the T-6 Texan II in initial training and the SACM (Simulated Aerial Combat Maneuvers) profile.</em><br />

Fighter pilots can black out in seconds during high-G flying. Here's how flight experts say they train to stay conscious.

<p><strong><div class="KonaFilter image-container display-table"><div><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5b1549341ae66245008b4ab1-1600/ap18138712421206.jpg" border="0" alt="larry kudlow" data-mce-source="Carolyn Kaster/AP Images" data-mce-caption="Larry Kudlow, the top economic adviser to President Donald Trump" /><p class="source"><span>Carolyn Kaster/AP Images</span></p><p class="caption">Larry Kudlow, the top economic adviser to President Donald Trump</p></div><p></p></div></div></strong></p><ul><li><strong>Larry Kudlow, President Donald Trump's top economic adviser, was asked whether the president's tariffs could "jeopardize" the strong US economic growth.</strong></li><li><strong>"Oh, it might, I don't deny that," Kudlow responded, but said the trade actions hadn't hurt the economy yet.</strong></li><li><strong>Stephen Moore, another economist who has advised Trump, also said the tariffs were "problematic."</strong></li><li><strong>Most economists expect the tariffs to be a modest drag on economic growth.</strong></li></ul><hr /><p>Economists, trade experts, and investors are all worried that President Donald Trump's <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-tariffs-what-is-a-tariff-meaning-for-prices-consumer-2018-3">recent tariffs</a> could be a problem for the US economy. Even top advisers in the Trump administration are admitting the same.</p><p>Larry Kudlow, the president's top economic adviser, told host Chris Wallace on "Fox News Sunday" that the tariffs could undermine the economy's steady growth.</p><p>During the interview, Wallace highlighted the <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/jobs-report-may-2018-2018-6">strength of Friday's jobs report</a> and asked if Trump's tariffs on steel, aluminum, and Chinese goods could "jeopardize" the progress of the labor market and economy.</p><p>"<span>Oh, it might, I don't deny that," <a href="http://www.foxnews.com/transcript/2018/06/03/lewandowski-on-chances-trump-will-sit-down-with-mueller-larry-kudlow-talks-north-korea-summit-trade.html">Kudlow said</a>. "You have to keep an eye on it."</span></p><p><span>When pressed on the possibility that <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/category/trump-tariffs">the tariffs</a> could end up hurting the US, Kudlow hedged and said no harm has befallen the economy quite yet.</span></p><p><span>"It's possible, absolutely," he said. "I don't think it has right now."</span></p><p><span>Trump announced Thursday that <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-steel-aluminum-tariffs-trade-war-europe-canada-mexico-2018-5">the US would impose tariffs</a> on imports of steel and aluminum from three key US allies: Canada, Mexico, and the European Union. The move immediately sparked retaliation from those partners and raised the possibility of <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/donald-trump-steel-aluminum-tariffs-europe-mexico-canada-list-2018-5">a sustained trade war</a>.</span></p><p><span>Kudlow isn't the only pro-Trump economist to raise concerns about the tariffs. </span><span>Stephen Moore, an economic adviser to Trump during the 2016 campaign, also suggested the tariffs pose an economic risk.</span></p><p><span>"I do agree that this is a risk to the economy, tariffs are taxes, they will hurt A</span><span>merican consumers, the US Chamber of Commerce says this could cost American jobs," Moore <a href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmM630_U8wk">said in an interview with CNN</a>, adding that the trade tensions are "problematic."</span></p><p>Most economists estimate that the tariffs will <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-steel-aluminum-tariffs-on-canada-europe-mexico-will-hurt-us-jobs-2018-6">cause a net loss in US jobs</a> since more people are employed in industries that rely on steel and aluminum than are employed in the metals industries. By pushing up the price of the metals, companies that use steel and aluminum in their finished products will likely cut costs in other areas, including labor.</p><p>Beyond the labor market, most forecasters project the tariffs will prompt an increase in the cost of goods, a modest drag on business investment, and a <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/trump-china-fight-tariffs-trade-war-economy-dow-jones-futures-2018-5">slowdown US economic growth</a>. Stephen Gallagher, chief US economist Societe Generale, said the real risk lies in the possibility of escalation.</p><p>"Even considering the $50 billion of tariffs on China currently under consideration by the USTR, the known tariffs should have very modest US GDP implications," Gallagher wrote Friday. "It is the unknown extent of escalation and the growing distrust among trading partners that could pose greater problems."</p>    <div class="margin-top">        <h3>NOW WATCH: <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/economist-weighted-voting-could-help-save-us-democracy-2018-5">This top economist has a radical plan to change the way Americans vote</a></h3>        <div>            <iframe class="bijwplayerclass" data-player="jwplayer" src="https://content.jwplatform.com/players/tdQolVXA-CEZHWCBG.html" width="100%" height="100%" frameborder="0" scrolling="auto" style="margin:0px;" allowfullscreen=""></iframe><script>function receiveMessage(event){ console.log(event.data.fullscreen); Android.fullscreen(event.data.fullscreen); }window.addEventListener("message", receiveMessage, false);</script>        </div>    </div>

Even Trump's top economic adviser admits Trump's trade war could hurt the US economy

<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_right"><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5473bea2ecad0443676d52ac-1200-924/kerry-iran-nuclear-deal-4.jpg?maxX=600" border="0" alt="Kerry Iran Nuclear Deal" width="600"><p class="source"><span>REUTERS/Carolyn Kaster/Pool </span></p><p class="caption">They weren't actually this close.</p></img></div><p></p></div>The nuclear negotiations between Iran and a US-led group of countries over Tehran's nuclear program have once again fallen short.</p>
<p>On the one year anniversary after the signing of the landmark Joint Plan of Action in Geneva, diplomats from Iran and the PP5+1 - the five permanent members of the UN Security Council and Germany - announced that the negotiating period will be extended for another seven months after the parties <a href="http://www.businessinsider.com/r-iran-atom-talks-expected-to-adjourn-resume-next-month-source-2014-11">failed to reach a final deal</a> during a marathon session in Vienna.</p>
<p>This round of talks was punctuated with reports that the P5+1 had softened its position on issues considered central to resolving the nuclear standoff.</p>
<p>The Jerusalem Post cited an anonymous Israeli official claiming that the P5+1 offered a deal <a href="http://www.jpost.com/International/Exclusive-Cornered-but-unbound-by-nuclear-pact-Israel-reconsiders-military-action-against-Iran-382541?utm_source=twitterfeed&amp;utm_medium=twitter">that would expire after only ten years</a>. <a href="http://www.usatoday.com/story/news/world/2014/11/21/iran-nuke-talks-vienna/19341335/">News reports</a> and <a href="http://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2014/01/nuclear-deal-iran-economy-helps-students.html">expert analysis</a> suggested that the US was willing to allow Iran to leave as many as 5,000 uranium centrifuges in place under a final deal, effectively conceding that Iran would be able to keep much of its uranium enrichment infrastructure even after an agreement was signed. And the Wall Street Journal <a href="http://online.wsj.com/articles/u-k-foreign-secretary-says-there-is-potential-for-flexibility-in-iran-nuclear-talks-1416575085">reported</a> that the P5+1 was no longer demanding the closure of Iran's heavy water reactor at Arak - a facility capable of producing weaponized plutonium -a nd didn't plan on using the deal to scale back Iran's ballistic missile program.</p>
<p>The P5+1 was reportedly willing to settle for an agreement that delivered a strict verification regime theoretically capable of cutting off Tehran's pathway to a bomb - while leaving in place much of the infrastructure needed to actually build and deliver a nuclear weapon. </p>
<p>It's an arrangement that would seem to favor Tehran in some respects, winning it sanctions relief along with some limited <keyword id="6356001" type="COMPANY" weightage="60" keywordseo="international">international</keyword> recognition of the legitimacy of their nuclear program. So why didn't Iran take it? And given that the negotiations have gone on for over a year now - with a White House committed to a negotiated way out of the nuclear impasse - what else does Iran really think it can get out of the process?</p>
<p>One possibility is that Iran simply doesn't want a deal or isn't in a position to sign even a generous one. Iran is a compartmentalized authoritarian state with several often-competing and only semi-accountable centers of power. If one of them doesn't want a deal - if, for instance, Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei winces at the possibility of any grand bargain with the west - it isn't getting done. It's easier, from that perspective, for Iranian negotiators to keep extending the talks rather than dealing with the implications of a final deal, especially when Iran <a href="http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/11/24/us-iran-nuclear-talks-idUSKCN0J80QA20141124">will be allowed to access an additional $700 million a month</a> in frozen assets as long as the talks continue.</p>
<p>Another possibility is that Iran's intransigence is not only intentional but actually a highly effective negotiating tactic.</p>
<p>As Tom Moore, a former Senate Foreign Relations Committee staffer and <a href="http://www.thelugarcenter.org/">Luger Center</a> senior fellow who has followed the Iranian nuclear issue for over a decade explained to Business Insider, Tehran's strategy towards the US hasn't actually changed much over the years. Iran has always used the possibility of near-term concessions to keep the west interested in negotiating - while slowly building its program and resisting a final resolution to the nuclear issue.</p>
<p><div class="KonaFilter image-container float_left"><div class="image on-image"><img src="https://static-ssl.businessinsider.com/image/5473bec86bb3f7ae0f6c0478-625-469/khamenei-meets-rouhani-iran-2.jpg" border="0" alt="Khamenei Meets Rouhani Iran" width="600"><p class="source"><span>Anadolu Agency/Getty Images</span></p><p class="caption">Supreme Leader of Iran Ali Khamenei (L) meets with Iranian president Hassan Rouhani in Tehran, Iran on July 14, 2014. </p></img></div><p></p></div></p>
<p>"They've made the decision they get more out of doing this than out of a final deal," Moore says of the post-Geneva agreement series of negotiating extensions. Moore recalled the <a href="http://www.ipcs.org/article/nuclear/the-paris-agreement-and-iranian-nuclear-case-1606.html">2004 Paris Agreement</a> between Iran and three EU countries, in which Tehran agreed to curtail certain aspects of its nuclear program. The deal came around the same time <a href="http://www.armscontrol.org/act/2004_01-02/Iran">Iran agreed to</a> the International Atomic Energy Agency's <a href="http://www.iaea.org/publications/factsheets/iaea-safeguards-overview">additional protocols</a> for nuclear monitoring. </p>
<p>Ten years later, Iran has never actually allowed the inspection protocol to be implemented while the expansion of Tehran's program has turned the Paris Agreement is a now-obscure footnote. "Nothing changed much between 2004 and 2014 ... it's the same dynamic all over a again," says Moore. "The only difference is that the P5+1 is now involved."</p>
<p>In taking an incremental approach, Iran gets the benefits of a short-term agreement - benefits like sanctions relief and diplomatic good will - while not giving up anything major and at least preserving the long-term option of ramping up its program again.</p>
<p>In that respect, the Geneva interim agreement is actaully favorable for Tehran, as Mark Dubowitz, executive director of the Washington-based Foundation for <keyword id="6354810" type="ORGANIZATION" weightage="100" keywordseo="Defense">Defense</keyword> of Democracies, explained to Business Insider.</p>
<p>"Advanced centrifuge research and development, weaponization, ballistic missiles - none of these are prohibited under the JPOA," Dubowitz explained. "They get time to work on what they haven't perfected while freezing the parts of the program they have perfected. They don't pay any price for continuing to run out clock."</p>
<p>The Vienna extension suggests that Iran doesn't really see much urgency in completing a deal - or even that only one side thinks there's much of a benefit to a comprehensive nuclear agreement. If an agreement comes it may be less far-reaching than a lot of observers hope, with an over year-long negotiating process lurching towards an anti-climactic end. </p>

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