The iPhone has three microphones. On the screen side, the one at the top allows your to hear a caller, the one at the bottom allows the caller to hear you, and the one below the camera on the back of the iPhone is used for recording video.
Before testing, check that none of the three microphones are covered or dirty, and make sure that your phone is not connected to a wired or wireless headset.
Once you've identified which of the microphones isn't working, begin troubleshooting.
Ensure that the microphone isn't covered. Take any protective cases off of the phone. Make sure that your fingers don't block the microphone when you're on a call. Unplug accessories and disconnect any devices that are connected via Bluetooth, especially headsets.
Use a compressed air can to blow air carefully into the microphone. This will remove any small debris that may be blocking the sound.
Make sure that you have the latest version of iOS installed on your phone. If you're having trouble updating your phone to the latest iOS, you may have to follow a few other troubleshooting steps.
Lastly, try resetting your network settings. Note that by doing so, you're also resetting Wi-Fi networks and passwords, cellular settings, and VPN and APN settings, so you'll have to re-enter any previously stored Wi-Fi passwords.
If this doesn't work you can try simply restarting your device. And if all else fails, contact Apple Support to figure out the problem.
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