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Troubling new study explains one big reason for inequality in America
Troubling new study explains one big reason for inequality in America
Barbara TaschJun 29, 2015, 21:40 IST
Black and Hispanic households tend to live in poorer neighborhoods than white households even when they earn a similar income, a new study reveals.These findings are troubling because they suggest black and Hispanic kids, by and large, grow up in poorer neighborhoods than white kids. A growing body of research suggests that neighborhood poverty can have lasting negative effects on children, according to a study in the Annals of the Academy of Political and Social Science. "If long-term exposure to neighborhood poverty negatively affects child development, educational success, mental health, and adult earnings ... then these large racial disparities in exposure to poverty may have long-term consequences," according to the study, which we originally spotted in the Washington Post.There are several explanations for persistent racial segregation in America even when black and white families make the same amount of money. For one thing, white families might possess more overall wealth than black families even when they have similar incomes, allowing white families to buy homes in higher-income neighborhoods. Racial discrimination in the housing market can also make neighborhoods more racially segregated.The subject of bias in the real-estate market was reignited on Thursday when the Supreme Court saved a law aimed at preventing housing discrimination. The Fair Housing Act, which prevents housing practices that unfairly affect minorities, was upheld, at the dissatisfaction of Justice Clarence Thomas.
Long-term impact
These findings are especially important considering that recent studies have found that neighborhoods environments have a direct influence on children's development and future income-earning potential. These racial disparities in exposure to poverty, in term, contribute to long-term racial inequality in America. As this chart shows, even a black family making $100,000 a year lives in a neighborhood where the median income is just over $50,000. A white family with the same income lives in a neighborhood where the median family income is closer to $100,000.Sean F. Reardon, Lindsay Fox, Joseph Townsend Neighborhood Median Income, by Household Income and Race, All Households in United States, 2009Black and Hispanic families have a disadvantage compared to white and Asian families. Not only do they earn less on average, but those who earn the same amount do not have access to the same neighborhoods. That means they don't profit from the perks of richer neighborhoods such as good schools and less violence.A Harvard University study on the impact of neighborhoods on intergenerational mobility looked at over 5 million children's records and shows the neighborhood children grow up in plays an important role in their long-term success.The study also found that counties with higher rates of upward mobility often share five characteristics: "they have less segregation by income and race, lower levels of income inequality, better schools, lower rates of violent crime, and a larger share of two-parent households," the study reports. It also pointed out that areas with a larger African-American population often have lower upward mobility rates, which in turn impacts racial inequality over generations. Another Harvard University study, which looks at the effects that better neighborhoods have on children through the Moving to Opportunity (MTO) experiment, showed children growing up in nicer neighborhoods had a much better chance of having a higher earning potential later in life. The study found that moving a young child from public housing to a low-poverty area through the MTO experiment increases a child's total lifetime earning by around $302,000.
