10 Striking Photos Of Half-Male, Half-Female Butterflies

Harrison JacobsJun 10, 2014, 00:43 IST

James K. Adams, Professor of Biology, Dalton State College

Nature contains some jaw-dropping anomalies, including the gynandromorph - an organism with both male and female characteristics. While gynandromorphism can occur in crustaceans, birds, and many insects, it manifests itself most beautifully in butterflies. The phenomenon is exceptionally rare in butterflies, estimated to occur in about one in every 10,000, or 0.01%. It is so rare that Luke Brown, the expert lepidopterist at London's Natural History Museum, has only ever seen three in his entire career. Despite their rarity, Dr. Andrew D. Warren, the senior collections manager at the Florida Museum of Natural History, has assembled an extensive collection on gynandromorphs on his website, Butterflies of America, which he has shared with us here.

Gynandromorphs are organisms that are divided between male and female parts. It is so striking in butterflies because it results in a butterfly that has distinctly different patterns and coloration on the wings.

Butterflies of America/Andrew D. Warren
A gynandromorph that is divided equally between male and female is known as a bilateral gynandromorph. Not all gynandromorphs are bilateral, though.
Butterflies of America/Andrew D. Warren
Some gynandromorphs develop asymmetrically, with male and female areas that are less obviously separate. These organisms, like this one below, are known as mosaic gynandromorphs.
Butterflies of America/Kim Davis & Mike Stangeland
Gynandromorphs usually form when sex chromosomes fail to separate properly when the fertilized egg (or zygote) divides, according to Dr. James Adams of Dalton State College. Bilateral gynandromorphism occurs very early in development, while mosaic gynandromorphism occurs later.
Butterflies of America/Andrew D. Warren
The sex of butterflies is determined by W and Z chromosomes. In humans, males are heterogametic sex (or XY), while females are homogametic(or XX). In butterflies, it is reversed. Male butterflies are homogametic (ZZ), while female butterflies are either heterogametic (ZW) or simply one Z.
Butterflies of America/Andrew D. Warren
When the zygote divides, two complete copies of DNA are separated. If they don't detach properly in a male butterfly, one of the dividing cells could be left with three Z chromosomes, while the other simply has one Z. Thus, the divided cells are now two opposite genders. From there, the resulting cells follow the opposite genders and one side develops as a male and the other as a female.Butterflies of America/Andrew D. WarrenWhen the two halves of the butterfly are so different that they exhibit completely different wing size and patterns, different genes in the DNA have been activated. In the most extreme cases, it could be two completely different butterflies developed into one.
Butterflies of America/Andrew D. Warren, Kim Davis, Mike Stangeland
While scientists are not sure how two completely different butterflies could develop into one, Nipam Patel, a biology professor at UC: Berkeley, has suggested that two different sperm may fertilize an egg and a small sister cell (called a polar body). The two zygotes develop in close proximity, causing them to cross over and swap cell combinations.
Butterflies of America/Andrew D. Warren
Some gynandromorphs look very different because the male and female species actually look different. This is called sexual dimorphism.
Butterflies of America/Andrew D. Warren, Kim Davis, Mike Stangeland

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10 Striking Photos Of Half-Male, Half-Female Butterflies

Gynandromorphs are organisms that are divided between male and female parts. It is so striking in butterflies because it results in a butterfly that has distinctly different patterns and coloration on the wings.