Williams said she and the rest of the "Commercial Crew Cadre," as they're called — astronauts Doug Hurley, Eric Boe, and Bob Behnken — have worked "hand-in-hand" with Boeing and SpaceX since being assigned to the program by NASA in 2015.
NASA started the Commercial Crew program to replace its space shuttles. The cost of shuttle launches was high: Each mission cost about $1.5 billion, including development costs, and 14 astronauts died. The 135th and final mission launched in July 2011.
Source: Nature
So when NASA sent Williams to the International Space Station (ISS) in 2012, the agency had to buy her a seat on a Russian Soyuz spaceship. To this day, Soyuz is still the only spacecraft able to journey to and from the ISS.
Russia has used its monopoly to drive up Soyuz flight prices. In 2011, a round-trip ticket cost about $22 million; today, it costs NASA about $81 million to fly one astronaut.
Source: Business Insider
In anticipation of this pickle, NASA started a competition to encourage companies to build their own spaceships. Boeing and SpaceX came out on top. "Competition is positive. It makes people do things a little smarter, potentially a little faster," Williams said.
Combined, Boeing and SpaceX won nearly $8 billion in NASA contracts to develop and launch new spaceships. Boeing's CST-100 Starliner can carry seven people, which is as many as the space shuttle.
SpaceX's Crew Dragon can also seat up to seven space-flyers and last seven months at the space station.
Williams' path into the seat of these commercial spaceships began in December 2006, when she made her first flight into orbit aboard space shuttle Discovery.
She lived and worked aboard the International Space Station with two Russian cosmonauts, returning home on space shuttle Atlantis in April 2007.
Williams says her initial work on Commercial Crew was mostly PowerPoint presentations and discussions. Only in the past year and a half have astronauts started working with simulators and real hardware. "It's been hot and heavy in the last six months," she said.
Models of the spaceships that will launch astronauts are now nearing completion or undergoing testing.
The controls are one huge difference Williams has noticed when comparing the Crew Dragon and Starliner to older spaceships. "The space shuttle was just littered with switches," she said. "You look at the cockpit, and there's switches everywhere."
SpaceX's Crew Dragon and Boeing's Starliner simplify that labyrinth into a few glowing screens and buttons. "That just makes things easier, and makes things a little bit more changeable," Williams said. "Upgrades can happen a little bit easier, because it's software."
Physical switches are mostly absent in the new spacecraft, since their computers, sensors, and algorithms automate most tasks, especially tedious ones. But Williams says she and the crew felt Boeing and SpaceX's ships showed them too little on-screen information, at least initially — and told the companies as much.
"Automation can help us, but then you do have to watch out. One of the things we talked to the both partners about: 'How do I check this?'" Williams said. "I have a timeline in front of me — how do I know these things are happening? Where do I check? Where do I look? What's my confirming cue?"
"The big thing is you want to keep situational awareness. You don't want to be fat, dumb, and happy in there and something bad's going on," she said.
"Then when something is not going as planned, you know how to at least get the vehicle to a safe state," she added. "We can then talk to mission control in Hawthorne or here in Houston and say, 'Hey, what do we do next, and how do we handle this problem?'"
Williams says physical switches and buttons help ensure that astronauts can control a spacecraft in an emergency, such as loss of power. "It is a spacecraft, and there are some things that have to happen whether or not the electrons are flowing," she said.
These manual capabilities include "things that you really, really, really want to happen in case everything else dies," such as the deployment of parachutes for landing.
Of course, every spaceship needs a spacesuit to protect astronauts if air starts leaking from the ship, or there's some other emergency. Williams said Boeing's and SpaceX's suits are similar to the Sokol suits, which Russia designed for its Soyuz capsule.
The Sokol "is an awesome suit," Williams said. But she noted that the new SpaceX and Boeing designs "look a little bit better" and are more comfortable, thanks to newer materials.
"The SpaceX one has like a motorcycle helmet that comes down and in clips in easy," she said. "An outer cover layer makes the suit look a little bit more slim-lined."
The CST-100 Starliner suit takes a different approach. "The blue suit that Boeing has, it has a zipper in the front that'll accommodate a straighter posture" when pressurized with air, Williams said.
Each suit is designed to keep astronauts tucked into their seat in a reclined position, which provides extra safety during launch, a hard landing, or a crash.
"You're going to land essentially on your back," Williams said. "You want to be able to take that impact."
"Soyuz has seats that are molded to every body to help with the landing," she added. "Both of these companies have seats that keep that in mind."
"They're both different, and they're both better than suits that we've had in the past," Williams said. "It's gonna be fun to put a new spacesuit on."
Getting into and out of each spacecraft's 3-foot-by-3-foot door isn't easy. "You climb in the door, you can't just walk in," Williams said. "The door is small because you don't want a humongous door that goes out to space." (The bigger the opening, the greater the risk of leaks and other problems.)
Though SpaceX's and Boeing's spaceships are roomier than a Soyuz, it's still pretty cramped. "You sort of feel like you're crawling around," Williams said. "It will feel like there's enough space when we get up into space. It helps when you can float and move away from things."
The seat designs aren't finalized, so Williams has yet to see how comfortable they will be. "I haven't seen any leather seats yet," she said, joking. "You're going to be sitting on it or strapped into it; the thing it has to do is provide you protection."
As for a bathroom? "There's limited amount of toilet-type stuff in there. There's a way to go for both companies, but it's not the best," she said.
The Commercial Crew program will launch uncrewed ships first. SpaceX is aiming to do that in September and Boeing in October. If successful, crewed launches will follow on December 31 (Boeing) and January 17 (SpaceX).
Source: Spaceflight101.com
"We've gotten into the cockpit in both spacecraft. We've run through parts of the profile, from launch to rendezvous docking, un-docking, and [atmospheric] entry. But everything's not been tied up, not quite yet," Williams said. She didn't say which company's spaceship is her favorite.
In fact, crewed launch dates may slip to mid-2019. Williams said she expects NASA to announce her official mission selection this summer, and from there about a year of more deliberate mission training will follow.
NASA originally wanted crewed launches to happen by 2017, but delays snowballed due to the agency's stringent safety concerns. It wants Boeing and SpaceX's spacecraft to have less than a 1-in-200 chance of killing a crew in an accident — three times less than the space shuttle.
Source: Business Insider
"There will be what's called flight readiness reviews for all of these flights, and people will look at the risks," Williams said. "There'll be some explaining to do if there's any outstanding risk that hasn't been at least discussed and looked at and weighed."
Williams and her colleagues are clear-eyed about the risk they're taking. In fact, two of them — Behnken and Hurley — were on the runway waiting for space shuttle Columbia's landing when they heard it had broken apart during atmospheric reentry.
Source: Aviation Week
"Spaceflight is inherently dangerous. Something that we've never thought of could potentially happen," Williams said.
"This is our profession and this is what we're supposed to do. I think everybody will be up to the challenge and ready to go when the spacecraft are ready," she said. "Everybody believes, or they wouldn't be here, that what we're doing is for a bigger purpose."
NASA has a little more than a year to approve a crewed launch, or it risks temporarily losing access to the space station. There are enough Soyuz flights to last NASA through the fall of 2019, and Russia wants three years of notice to prepare new missions.
Source: Business Insider
NASA is building its own rocket and spacecraft, called Space Launch System, but that program won't fly its first astronauts until June 2022 at the earliest.
Source: NASASpaceflight.com
