In the 1960s, psychologist Carol Dweck came up with the idea for two different kinds of mindsets. She called them "growth mindsets" and "fixed mindsets."
Growth mindsets give people the ability to see themselves as capable of change — notably, growth — while fixed mindsets cause people to view themselves as fully realized, or unchanging.
Having a growth mindset leads to far higher achievement than having a fixed one, Dweck's research has found.
Psychologist Angela Duckworth has found time and again that the ability to recover after failure is one of the most common traits of successful people.
Duckworth calls this resilience "grit," and it's often the grittiest kids who get into the best schools, get the best jobs, and, incidentally, win the most spelling bees.
Some experts have even said grit is the single-most important trait to become successful.
Anders Ericsson is the leading expert on how repeated behaviors can lead to mastery. Most of us call this "practice."
Ericsson's research has found a higher-level form of practice called "deliberate practice" could be even better. People engage in deliberate practice when they are actively and repeatedly trying to escape their comfort zone.
Deliberate practice works in tandem with Dweck's growth mindset: Only through that mindset can people move from one state of proficiency to another.
Emma Seppala, science director of Stanford's Center for Compassion and Altruism Research and Education, wrote in her recent book "The Happiness Track" that successful people don't agonize over their shortcomings.
In fact, they are nicer to themselves — they display what Seppala calls "self-compassion."
Self-compassion is a sign you recognize that you, too, are human. You make mistakes like everyone else. What matters in terms of your success is what you do next.
Mindfulness is the ability to direct your attention like a spotlight, and to direct that spotlight on things that truly matter.
Research has found mindfulness to be a valuable tool for people who spend many hours of their day bouncing between meetings, tasks, challenges, and fires that need fighting.
It's the ability to stay calm under pressure, and to reach that state of calm intentionally.
Harvard psychologist Amy Cuddy says too many people focus on the moonshot goal instead of the steps needed to get there.
Successful people focus on the process and often manage to enjoy it, Cuddy says, rather than zeroing in solely on the desired outcome.
You might set the goal of running a marathon, for example, but research suggests it'll only be through a steady running routine that you'll end up being successful.
In his recent book "Irresistible," NYU psychologist Adam Alter discusses the misconception that successful people tune out distractions just by ignoring them.
Everyone's phones are vibrating for their attention. But people can power through those disruptions by eliminating the temptation to check altogether, Alter says.
That can mean installing site blockers or physically putting a device far away, out of both sight and mind.
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